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Gynecological Oncology
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are a diverse group of malignancies affecting the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines. These cancers are often aggressive but highly treatable, especially when detected early through screenings like endoscopies and colonoscopies. While traditional open surgery has been the standard for treatment, minimally invasive surgery (MIS)—including laparoscopic and robotic techniques—is now frequently used to improve recovery times and reduce complications.
Overview of Gastrointestinal Cancers
Types: Major types include colorectal (most common), stomach (gastric), pancreatic, liver, esophageal, and anal cancer.
Causes/Risk Factors: Major factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet (high in processed food/red meat), obesity, chronic inflammation (e.g., pancreatitis), and viral infections (Hepatitis B/C).
Causes/Risk Factors: Major factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet (high in processed food/red meat), obesity, chronic inflammation (e.g., pancreatitis), and viral infections (Hepatitis B/C).
Symptoms: Common signs include abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, changes in bowel habits, nausea, vomiting, and blood in the stool.
Staging: Ranges from Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ) to Stage IV (metastasis to distant organs).
MIS offers advantages such as smaller incisions, reduced pain, and faster return to daily activities.
Laparoscopic Surgery: Uses a camera (laparoscope) and thin instruments through small incisions to remove tumors in the colon, rectum, and stomach.
Robotic-Assisted Surgery: Provides greater precision and control for complex procedures, such as robotic gastrectomy or colectomy.
Endoscopic Resection (ESD/EMR): Specialized endoscopes are used to remove very early-stage cancers (carcinoma in situ) or polyps directly from the lining of the digestive tract without any external incisions.
Trans-anal Minimally Invasive Surgery (TAMIS): Used for rectal tumors, enabling organ preservation in some cases.
Endoluminal Stenting/Laser Therapy: Palliative procedures that open blockages in the GI tract to allow eating and relieve symptoms in advanced cases.
Other Treatment Modalities
Chemotherapy: Used systemically or locally (e.g., HIPEC) to shrink tumors or kill remaining cancer cells.
Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC): Heated chemotherapy is delivered directly into the abdominal cavity to treat peritoneal cancer, often after cytoreductive surgery to remove visible tumors.
Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays (IMRT, SBRT) are used to destroy cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy & Immunotherapy: Focuses on molecular markers (e.g., HER2) to attack cancer cells specifically or boost the body's immune system to fight them.
Multidisciplinary care—involving surgeons, medical oncologists, and gastroenterologists—is considered essential for designing personalized treatment plans that maximize survival and quality of life.